Document Type : Original Research
Authors
1 Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Departments of Clinical Oncology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
3 Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
4 Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5 Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Abstract
Background: To enhance the dose to tumor, the use of high atomic number elements has been proposed.Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gold nanoparticle distribution on dose enhancement in tumor when the tumor is irradiated by typical monoenergetic X-ray beams by considering homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in the tumor.Methods: MCNP-4C Monte Carlo code was utilized for the simulation of a source, a phantom containing tumor and gold nanoparticles with concentrations of 10, 30 and 70 mg Au/g tumor. A 15 cm×15 cm×15 cm cubic water phantom was irradiated with a small planar source with four monoenergetic X-ray beams of 35, 55, 75 and 95 keV energy. Furthermore, tumor depths of 2.5 cm, 4.5 cm and 6.5 cm with homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions of nanoparticles were studied. Each concentration, photon energy, tumor depth and type of distribution was evaluated in a separate simulation.Results: Results have shown that dose enhancement factor (DEF) in tumor increases approximately linearly with the concentration of gold nanoparticles. While DEF has fluctuations with photon energy, 55 keV photons have the highest DEF values compared to other energies. While DEF has relatively the same values with tumor located at various depths, inhomogeneous distribution of GNP has shown different results compared with the homogeneous model. Dose enhancement can be expected with relatively deep seated tumors in radiotherapy with low energy X-rays. Inhomogeneous model is recommended for the purpose of dose enhancement study because it mimics the real distribution of GNPs in tumor.
Keywords
- Hainfeld JF, Dilmanian FA, Slatkin DN, Smilowitz HM. Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008;60:977-85. doi.org/10.1211/jpp.60.8.0005. PubMed PMID: 18644191.
- McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Muir MF, Coulter JA, Jain S, Butterworth KT, et al. Biological consequences of nanoscale energy deposition near irradiated heavy atom nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2011;1:18. doi.org/10.1038/srep00018. PubMed PMID: 22355537. PubMed PMCID: 3216506.
- Hainfeld JF, Slatkin DN, Smilowitz HM. The use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:N309-15. doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/49/18/N03. PubMed PMID: 15509078.
- Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WC. Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett. 2006;6:662-8. doi.org/10.1021/nl052396o. PubMed PMID: 16608261.
- Cho SH. Estimation of tumour dose enhancement due to gold nanoparticles during typical radiation treatments: a preliminary Monte Carlo study. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:N163-73. doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/15/N01. PubMed PMID: 16030374.
- Robar JL. Generation and modelling of megavoltage photon beams for contrast-enhanced radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:5487-504. doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/51/21/007. PubMed PMID: 17047265.
- Chithrani BD, Chan WC. Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett. 2007;7:1542-50. doi.org/10.1021/nl070363y. PubMed PMID: 17465586.
- Chithrani BD, Stewart J, Allen C, Jaffray DA. Intracellular uptake, transport, and processing of nanostructures in cancer cells. Nanomedicine. 2009;5:118-27. doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.01.008. PubMed PMID: 19480047.
- Hainfeld JF, Dilmanian FA, Zhong Z, Slatkin DN, Kalef-Ezra JA, Smilowitz HM. Gold nanoparticles enhance the radiation therapy of a murine squamous cell carcinoma. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:3045-59. doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/11/004. PubMed PMID: 20463371.
- Zhang SX, Gao J, Buchholz TA, Wang Z, Salehpour MR, Drezek RA, et al. Quantifying tumor-selective radiation dose enhancements using gold nanoparticles: a monte carlo simulation study. Biomed Microdevices. 2009;11:925-33. doi.org/10.1007/s10544-009-9309-5. PubMed PMID: 19381816.
- Jones BL, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Estimation of microscopic dose enhancement factor around gold nanoparticles by Monte Carlo calculations. Med Phys. 2010;37:3809-16. doi.org/10.1118/1.3455703. PubMed PMID: 20831089.
- Lechtman E, Chattopadhyay N, Cai Z, Mashouf S, Reilly R, Pignol JP. Implications on clinical scenario of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization in regards to photon energy, nanoparticle size, concentration and location. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:4631-47. doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/56/15/001. PubMed PMID: 21734337.
- Leung MK, Chow JC, Chithrani BD, Lee MJ, Oms B, Jaffray DA. Irradiation of gold nanoparticles by x-rays: Monte Carlo simulation of dose enhancements and the spatial properties of the secondary electrons production. Med Phys. 2011;38:624-31. doi.org/10.1118/1.3539623. PubMed PMID: 21452700.
- Cai Y, Xu S, Wu J, Long Q. Coupled modelling of tumour angiogenesis, tumour growth and blood perfusion. J Theor Biol. 2011;279:90-101. doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.02.017. PubMed PMID: 21392511.
- Lesart AC, van der Sanden B, Hamard L, Esteve F, Stephanou A. On the importance of the submicrovascular network in a computational model of tumour growth. Microvasc Res. 2012;84:188-204. doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2012.06.001. PubMed PMID: 22705361.
- Briesmeister JF. MCNPTM-A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code. Version 4C, LA-13709-M, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2000.
- ICRU I. Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. 1989.
- Welter M, Rieger H. Blood Vessel Network Remodeling During Tumor Growth. Modeling Tumor Vasculature: Springer; 2012. p. 335-60.
- Ranjbar H, Shamsaei M, Ghasemi MR. Investigation of the dose enhancement factor of high intensity low mono-energetic X-ray radiation with labeled tissues by gold nanoparticles. Nukleonika. 2010;55:307-12.
)