Document Type : Hypothesis
Authors
1 Department of Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Bell’s palsy is an idiopathic peripheral nerve palsy involving the facial nerve. It accounts for 60 to 75% of all cases of unilateral facial paralysis. The main mechanisms to induce BP remain unclear, but infection, ischemic condition and immunodeficiency may contribute to the development of Bell’s palsy. Accumulating evidence has shown several factors can trigger the reactivation of latent HSV including psychological stressors, physical stressors and immunosuppression. Ionization and non-ionization radiations are of importance of physical stressors. Some data have shown radiation can reactivate HSVs. Based on preliminary studies showing radiation reactivation of HSVs, we aimed to hypothesize radiation (in both forms of ionization and non-ionization) may cause Bell’s palsy. In the future, the role of radiotherapy, radiofrequency radiation from mobile phones and wireless devices in HSV reactivation and Bell’s palsy should be investigated.
Keywords
- Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger RL, Jr., Kahn ZM, Sheldon MI. The true nature of Bell’s palsy: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope. 1978;88:787-801. doi.org/10.1002/lary.1978.88.5.787. PubMed PMID: 642672.
- Newadkar UR, Chaudhari L, Khalekar YK. Facial Palsy, a Disorder Belonging to Influential Neurological Dynasty: Review of Literature. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8:263-7.doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.187130. PubMed PMID: 27583233. PubMed PMCID: 4982354.
- Eviston TJ, Croxson GR, Kennedy PG, Hadlock T, Krishnan AV. Bell’s palsy: aetiology, clinical features and multidisciplinary care. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:1356-61. doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-309563. PubMed PMID: 25857657.
- McCormick DP. Herpes-simplex virus as a cause of Bell’s palsy. Lancet. 1972;1:937-9. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91499-7. PubMed PMID: 4112101.
- Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, Takasu T, Ohtani F, Inuyama Y, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell’s palsy. J Med Virol. 1998;54:162-6. doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199803)54:33.0.CO;2-3. PubMed PMID: 9515763.
- Riel-Romero RM, Baumann RJ. Herpes simplex encephalitis and radiotherapy. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29:69-71. doi.org/10.1016/S0887-8994(03)00044-4. PubMed PMID: 13679127.
- Tohyama Y, Sako K, Daita G, Yonemasu Y, Shuke N, Aburano T. Dissociation of 99mTc-ECD and 99mTc-HMPAO distributions in herpes simplex encephalitis. Childs Nerv Syst. 1997;13:352-5. doi.org/10.1007/s003810050096. PubMed PMID: 9272290.
- Oakley C, Epstein JB, Sherlock CH. Reactivation of oral herpes simplex virus: implications for clinical management of herpes simplex virus recurrence during radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84:272-8. doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(97)90342-5. PubMed PMID: 9377190.
- Shimeld C, Easty DL, Hill TJ. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the mouse trigeminal ganglion: an in vivo study of virus antigen and cytokines. J Virol. 1999;73:1767-73. PubMed PMID: 9971753. PubMed PMCID: 104415.
- Perna JJ, Mannix ML, Rooney JF, Notkins AL, Straus SE. Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus infection by ultraviolet light: a human model. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17:473-8. doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(87)70232-1. PubMed PMID: 2821086.
- Rooney JF, Bryson Y, Mannix ML, Dillon M, Wohlenberg CR, Banks S, et al. Prevention of ultraviolet-light-induced herpes labialis by sunscreen. Lancet. 1991;338:1419-22. doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92723-F. PubMed PMID: 1683420.
- Liu Y, Wang ML, Zhong RG, Ma XM, Wang Q, Zeng Y. The induction of Epstein-Barr Virus early antigen expression in Raji cells by GSM mobile phone radiation. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013;26:76-8. PubMed PMID: 23294619.
- Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5-29. doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254. PubMed PMID: 25559415.14.
- Kim JH, Park JW, Kim TH, Koh DW, Lee WJ, Kim CM. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69:813-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.04.005. PubMed PMID: 17524569.
- Huang W, Zhang W, Fan M, Lu Y, Zhang J, Li H, et al. Risk factors for hepatitis B virus reactivation after conformal radiotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2014;105:697-703. doi.org/10.1111/cas.12400. PubMed PMID: 24654677. PubMed PMCID: 4317906.
- Elwood JM. Epidemiological studies of radio frequency exposures and human cancer. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;Suppl 6:S63-73. doi.org/10.1002/bem.10142. PubMed PMID: 14628307.
- Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductive pattern in male Wistar rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011;164:546-59. doi.org/10.1007/s12010-010-9156-0. PubMed PMID: 21240569.
- Feychting M. Mobile phones, radiofrequency fields, and health effects in children--epidemiological studies. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011;107:343-8. doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.016. PubMed PMID: 21958911.
)