Document Type : Mini Review
Authors
- Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi Mortazavi 1
- Omid Zare 2
- Leyla Ghasemi 2
- Parmis Taghizadeh 3
- Parsa Faghani-Eskandarkolaei 2
- Maryam Arshadi 2
- Seyed Ali Reza Mortazavi 4
- Lembit Sihver 5, 6, 7
1 Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
2 Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
3 School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
4 MVLS College, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
5 Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
6 Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
7 Department of Radiation Physics, Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria
Abstract
Humans have generally evolved some adaptations to protect against UV and different levels of background ionizing radiation. Similarly, elephants and whales have evolved adaptations to protect against cancer, such as multiple copies of the tumor suppressor gene p53, due to their large size and long lifespan. The difference in cancer protection strategies between humans and elephants/whales depends on genetics, lifestyle, environmental exposures, and evolutionary pressures. In this paper, we discuss how the differences in evolutionary adaptations between humans and elephants could explain why elephants have evolved a protective mechanism against cancer, whereas humans have not. Humans living in regions with high levels of background radiation, e.g. in Ramsar, Iran where exposure rates exceed those on the surface of Mars, seem to have developed some kind of protection against the ionizing radiation. However, humans in general have not developed cancer-fighting adaptations, so they instead rely on medical technologies and interventions. The difference in cancer protection strategies between humans and elephants/whales depends on genetics, lifestyle, environmental exposures, and evolutionary pressures. In this paper, we discuss how the differences in evolutionary adaptations between humans and elephants could explain why elephants have evolved a protective mechanism against cancer, whereas humans have not. Studying elephant adaptations may provide insights into new cancer prevention and treatment strategies for humans, but further research is required to fully understand the evolutionary disparities.
Highlights
Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi (Google Scholar)
Lembit Sihver (Google Scholar)
Keywords
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