Document Type : Mini Review
Authors
- Ilham Said-Salman 1, 2
- Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi 3
- Sami El Khatib 4, 5
- Seyed Alireza Mortazavi 6
- Lembit Sihver 7, 8, 9
1 Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
2 Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, International University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
3 Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Lebanese International University, Lebanon
5 Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB) at Gulf University for Science and Technology; Hawally, Kuwait
6 MVLS College, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
7 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
8 Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
9 Department of Informatics & Engineering Systems, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
Abstract
Bacteria, part of the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria), are constantly exposed to man-made electromagnetic fields, which often exceed the intensity of natural electromagnetic sources. In response to this exposure, bacteria have developed various defensive and resistant traits. This article presents an overview of both historical and recent research on how bacteria adapt to common sources of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF. The widespread use of mobile phones and Wi-Fi, both utilizing Radiofrequency (RF) radiation, raises potential public health concerns, which have been addressed by international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). Understanding how bacteria adapt to EMF is important for mitigating the risk of increased pathogenicity of radio-resistant bacteria in the human environment.
Keywords
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